Gramatica: virgule

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Ce este o virgula?

Virgula este un semn de punctuatie care poate fi utilizat in mai multe moduri diferite. In principal, este folosit pentru a separa lucrurile – de exemplu, doua ganduri dintr-o propozitie, multiple adjective sau elemente dintr-o lista.

Exista multe reguli care ne spun cum trebuie utilizate virgulele, dar nu-l lasati sa va sperie. Cu o mica practica, va incepe sa se simta ca a doua natura. Unele reguli sunt stabilite in piatra. publi24 escorte timisoara spontaneousorgasm.com Ei functioneaza la fel de fiecare data, asa ca nu trebuie sa va ganditi prea mult la ele. Alte reguli sunt mai complicate. In aceste cazuri, trebuie sa intelegeti sensul propozitiei pentru a sti cand si unde sa folositi virgula.

Folosind virgule

Regulile de baza pentru utilizarea virgulelor sunt destul de neperformante. Cu alte cuvinte, sunt usor de aplicat in scrisul tau, deoarece functioneaza intotdeauna la fel. discutii escorte curation.tv Nu trebuie sa va faceti griji pentru exceptii speciale sau sa va intrebati unde ar trebui sa se duca virgula. Fiecare regula iti spune exact ce sa faci.

Alaturarea a doua propozitii

Stiti deja sa uniti doua propozitii folosind conjunctii ca si, sau, dar, etc. O facem tot timpul in conversatie regulata, daca nu in scris.

Dupa cum vedeti, virgula trece intre cele doua propozitii, chiar inainte de conjunctie. poze escorte imecha.net Iti spune unde se termina un gand si incepe altul. Plasarea virgulei dupa conjunctie ar fi incorecta, deoarece conjunctia face parte din al doilea gand.

Listarea articolelor intr-o propozitie

Virgulele pot fi de asemenea folosite pentru a separa trei sau mai multe articole dintr-o lista. Trebuie doar sa plasezi o virgula intre fiecare element (si un semn de punctuatie adecvat la sfarsit). Ultimul element este de obicei unit cu o conjunctie ca si, sau, sau nor. escorte cisnadie ymt.academy-of-art-universitystudent.biz Ca regula pentru alaturarea propozitiilor, virgula merge chiar inainte de conjunctie.

Numele locului si datele

Exista anumite tipuri de nume de loc (de exemplu, oras / stat si stat / tara) care sunt intotdeauna separate de virgula atunci cand le scrieti. Puteti vedea aceasta regula in actiune pe orice plic de expediere.

Phoenix is a place inside Arizona—that’s why there’s a comma between the city and state. This rule applies whenever you refer to a place in a similar way, whether it’s MTV Studios, Times Square (which isn’t even a city, state, or country) or England, United Kingdom. escorte mistress christianheritagetrainingcenter.net

Dates work almost the same way. For instance, when you write the full date, it should look something like this: January 1, 2014. It’s almost as if the day and the month are inside the year—which is true, in a way. We’re talking about January 1 in the year 2014. That’s why there’s a comma between the date and year. escorte hotel bucuresti www.energyspecialist.com

Quotations

Quotations are usually made up of two things: a quote (what the person said) and a tag (the person who said it). Commas play an important role too—they separate the quote from the tag, so we can tell they’re separate but connected.

So where does the comma go? It depends on the layout of the sentence. Here are three examples.

• Before the quote: Vanessa asked, “Is anyone else hungry?”
• After the quote (inside the quotation mark): “I could go for some pizza,” said Elizabeth. escorte clu miss-reduction.insurance4travelers.com
• Both ways (in the middle of a quote): “I want pizza,” said Rick, “but not with anchovies!”

To learn more, take a look at our lesson on Quotation Marks.

There are two commas missing from the example below. Can you tell where they’re supposed go? Click the dots to see if you’re right!

More commas

To use commas in more complicated sentences, you’ll have to use your judgment. This means you’ll need to think about each sentence (and make sure you really understand what makes it work) before you can apply the comma.

Don’t let this scare you. As always, it’s not the end of the world if you make a mistake. If you get stuck on a rule, try looking closely at the example—sometimes it helps to see the rule in action. escorte mature bistrita danielhollander.com If you’re not a native English speaker, these rules can be especially difficult to grasp. You may want to ask someone you know for help, such as a friend, coworker, or teacher.

Adjectives

Another time you use commas is when you have two or more adjectives in a sentence. Just place the comma between them—this separates them and makes the sentence easier to read.

This rule is pretty universal, but it isn’t always true. escorte avrig uturnsignal.com You should only use a comma if the adjectives are interchangeable.

Interchangeable means you can list the adjectives in any order and it won’t change the meaning of the sentence. To find out if two adjectives are interchangeable, try reversing them—then see if the sentence still makes sense.

Here’s the same example with a different pair of adjectives: delicious and frozen. This time, the adjectives aren’t interchangeable. escorte praga pulverimporting.company (If you reverse them, you can probably see why.) This means they shouldn’t be separated with a comma.

The truth is, frozen yogurt is more than just an adjective followed by a noun. It’s type of thing, like a miniature poodle, striped shirt, or even hot chocolate. All of these examples are made up of two words, but they represent a single thing. escorte timidoara www.astra32.com If you separate them with a comma—or write them in a different order—the words lose their meaning.

Introductory clauses

You might already know that an incomplete sentence is a fragment. When you begin a sentence with a fragment, it’s called an introductory clause. (To learn more, check out our lesson on Fragments.)

It’s perfectly OK to begin a sentence this way, then follow it with a complete thought. escorte lux sibiu ww17.defunctonline.com You just have to separate these thoughts with a comma. This makes the sentence easier to read, and it also tells the reader where to pause if needed.

In the example above, the thing before the comma (while you were sleeping) is a fragment; the thing after the comma (I gave you a new haircut) is a complete sentence. The comma is necessary only if the clause introduces the sentence. If the phrases were written in the opposite order, you wouldn’t use a comma. escorte galati forum bohaifactrong.com

What about expressions like luckily, however, and as you can see? It’s more common to see these at the beginning of a sentence, but they can appear the end as well. Unlike introductory clauses, they don’t necessarily add anything new to the sentence. Regardless, they should always be separated by a comma. For example: I gave you a new haircut, as you can see.

Nonessential clauses

You should also use commas to separate nonessential clauses that appear in the middle of a sentence. escorte ploiesti ieftine topredline.com A nonessential clause is something that adds meaning but that isn’t completely necessary. In other words, if you took it out the sentence would still mean basically the same thing.

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To find out if a clause is nonessential, try removing it from the sentence, then see how it sounds. The sentence above would still make sense if we removed the detail about the ascot. It would be: Steve is very tidy. escorte lesby www.prettyfulpower.com

If the clause was essential, we wouldn’t be able to remove it. Try this sentence instead: Men who wear ascots are very tidy. If we take out the detail about the ascot, we’re left something slightly different: Men are very tidy. This is far too general to be true—after all, some men are really sloppy. This is how you know the clause is essential to the sentence’s meaning. escorte summerland www.google.mn

Other cases

As you gain more experience with commas, you’ll run into cases when your judgment matters more than ever. These cases are more difficult to define, but they build on the rules we just discussed.

For instance, some sentences end with a type of fragment called a free modifier. This is just a fancy word for something that clarifies or relates to another part of the sentence. When you use a free modifier like this, always separate it with a comma. escorte bucurestu durapro-ca.de

Other sentences end with a distinct pause, followed by something more ambiguous. That final beat could be the name of the person you’re talking to, a statement of confirmation, or a single word. Whatever it is, that beat also should be separated by a comma.

Below are two sentences that include a series of commas—one is correct, and the other is not. Use what you just learned to decide which one is correct, then click the dots to see if you’re right!

Common comma mistakes

Joining two sentences without a conjunction

People often make the mistake of using a comma to join two sentences without a conjunction. For example:

Notice how the first version of the sentence is missing something? It needs a conjunction like and or but to join the two halves properly. buzau escorte directhiredc.com You could also use a semi-colon to correct it instead: She was a small-town-girl; he was a city boy. Or you could rewrite the sentence as two sentences, with a period in between.

Joining a compound subject or predicate

Remember how you’re supposed to use a comma to separate three or more items in a list? Be careful not to go overboard and start separating two items that belong together (in other words, a compound subject or predicate).

It might help to think of the compound as a single idea or thought. In the example above, the gym teacher and the principal are both part of Aunt Ruth’s dating history—and they’re the only things listed. You wouldn’t break them up unless and the principal was rewritten as a complete sentence. For example: Aunt Ruth used to date the gym teacher, but she dumped him for the principal.

When a fragment follows a sentence

It’s easy to confuse a fragment at the end of a sentence with an introductory clause—they do look similar. We already touched on this rule when we went over introductory clauses, but it can’t hurt to review it once more.

A fragment only works as an introductory clause if it’s at the beginning of a sentence. If it’s at the end, you don’t need a comma. In this example, the sentence would need a comma only if it was written in the reverse order: While my husband went camping, I went to Vegas.

Forcing a pause

Using a comma to force the reader to pause is a common mistake. Just remember: Commas are meant to make things easier to read, not necessarily influence the way they’re read.

If you want the reader to pause, you’ll have to get creative with your formatting. For instance, you could use an ellipses (a very common way of indicating a pause), like in the example above. Or you could write the word you want to emphasize in all caps or italics. This way, the reader can really feel the weight of it: And THAT is how you deep-fry a turkey.

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