Parcul national Yellowstone depaseste toate celelalte situri din Statele Unite pentru lemnul sau pietrificat, caci aici se gasesc cantitati mari din acesta, intr-o stare de conservare rafinata. In si in jurul Parcului Yellowstone, eroziunea a expus in sectiuni transversale o secventa incredibila de straturi de roca destul de plane, fiecare continand numerosi copaci pietrificati. Multi dintre acesti copaci sunt in pozitie verticala, in pozitii de crestere. Intrebarea ramane, sunt in locatia de crestere?
Argumentul prezentat oamenilor laici si asa cum este reflectat pe marcajul de pe marginea drumului, include cresterea si petrificarea unei serii de paduri, precum si eroziunea de pe deal. Fiecare strat contine ramasitele unei paduri mature, ni se spune, cu copaci pietrificate descoperite in multe straturi care contin pana la 1000 de inele de copaci. escorte bals www.kleinbiomedical.com In urma ingroparii padurii in picioare in cenusa vulcanica si alte resturi, copacii s-au pietrificat. Intre timp, cenusa expusa pe suprafata s-a impiedicat in lut si in cele din urma intr-un sol potrivit pentru cresterea unei paduri noi. Se crede ca asta dureaza 200 de ani.
La Specimen Ridge, au fost revendicate 27 de straturi succesive, dar la Specimen Creek din apropiere, au fost numarate peste 50, fiecare necesitand procesul de ingropare si descompunere indelungat descris mai sus. Evident, timpul total pentru depunere a fost de cel putin zeci de mii de ani (Fritz, 1985). escorte casatorite www.af3p.org
Eroziunea dealului, care expune straturile deosebit de evidente la Specimen Ridge, se desfasoara lent, necesitand probabil mai mult timp decat depunerea intr-un model uniformitar. Acest lucru s-ar fi produs dupa cea mai recenta serie de episoade vulcanice. Cand acest timp este adaugat la timpul necesar depunerii, timpul total devine incompatibil cu scala de timp biblica simpla.
In prezentari mai tehnice, evolutionistii permit mai multa varietate in modele dispozitive (adica Fritz 1980). In loc de o aderenta rigida la padurile ingropate unde se aflau in caderea de cenusa vulcanica, geologii sunt liberi sa propuna paduri in crestere pe o campie larga, plata, inundata, adiacenta cu muntii vulcanice. publi 24 escorte cluj younglioninc.com Fluxurile de namol, asociate cu eruptii, au ingropat unii copaci unde stateau, dar i-au mutat pe altii in locatiile lor finale, ocazional in pozitii verticale. Copacii si resturile vegetale din mai multe habitate sunt astfel amestecate.
Dar timpul total necesar petrificarii nu se schimba. Straturile individuale reprezinta inca episoade diferite de activitate vulcanica si paduri separate. Mai jos sunt discutati mai multi factori. escorte fete gygapro.com
Fosile si solurile
Interesant este ca nu s-au descoperit fosile animale in asociere cu materialul din plante abundente – nici mamifere, nici pasari, nici insecte, nici viermi de pamant. In timp ce mai multe animale mobile ar putea scapa de un flux de noroi, se pare curios ca niciunul nu a fost gasit daca acest depozit reprezinta o padure in picioare.
Cercetatorii au descoperit o uimitoare diversitate de specii de plante reprezentate in paturile individuale. Inclusiv polenul, pana la 200 de specii au fost identificate dintr-o gama larga de habitate ecologice, aparent mult prea largi pentru a fi originate intr-o padure in picioare. Unele specii provin din deserturi semiaride, altele sunt din paduri pluviale (sicriu, p. escorte minore www.centerpointtexas.biz 139). Foarte multi reprezentanti ai climatelor temperate sunt prezenti, dar si pomii fructiferi. In mod semnificativ, polenul si frunzele prezente provin din alte specii decat copacii.
La multi copaci in crestere, sistemele de radacini sunt mai mari decat arborele in sine. In copacii Specimen Ridge, insa, radacinile se termina brusc la nivelul solului sau, in unele cazuri, cu o „bila radacina” – radacinile individuale fiind rupte. escorte sebes flightmatrix.com Copacii mai in varsta sunt sequoia, aceleasi specii ca cele care astazi au o vechime de mii de ani si sunt practic imune la boli si daunatori si rezistente la foc. Nu au coaja sau ramuri. Se gasesc de obicei cu copaci mai tineri, in intervalul de 30 pana la 40 de ani. Este interesant ca nu s-au gasit niciunul semnificativ mai vechi si ca putine sunt intermediare intre cele doua grupari.
Raportat rar este faptul ca unii dintre copacii drepti se transgreseaza in stratul de deasupra sau de dedesubt. escorte suceava publi 24 www.tutoring.org Daca copacii din stratul de deasupra dovedesc faptul ca au o vechime de peste cativa ani, ar fi suficient timp pentru ca orice blocaj proeminent sau trunchi sa se descompuna. In cea mai mediatizata zona a Specimen Ridge, un copac vertical se termina in interiorul bilei radacinii unui copac vertical din stratul de deasupra. Cu toate acestea, acesti copaci prezinta de obicei inele de copaci pastrate in mod clar, fara niciun semn de descompunere.
Sicrie (p. 137) si altii au masurat orientarea arborilor de prostata si axa lunga a copacilor verticali si au gasit o asemanare a orientarii. escorte de futut www.dakmedfdn.org
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Aceasta orientare ar putea fi realizata prin miscarea fluidelor, dar nu ar fi prezenta intr-o padure in picioare, in special cu un etaj destul de plat.
Padurile in crestere poseda un strat de sol si humus bine dezvoltat, format din resturi organice din copaci si plante, dar si viata abundenta a animalelor. Anchetatorii au descoperit resturi fosilizate de frunze si ace (dar mai rar conuri) pe care le interpreteaza la podeaua initiala a padurii. Nivelul organic contine, de asemenea, scurte radacini care nu radiaza din copacii mai mari. Nivelul organic, atunci cand este prezent, este de obicei aproape de nivelul radacinii copacilor, dar lipseste complet din multe straturi. escorte valenii de munte dustyroadsunlimited.com
Often the fossil plant material displays precise preservation. But fragile leaves would decay rapidly once deposited on the floor. Newly fallen ones would be on the top, while earlier ones would be being altered by decay beneath. The ancient “soils” do not show this profile of differential decay. Often the organics are mixed in with the volcanic sediments. escorte 50 ani dcmarvel.com As noted by Coffin (p. 142), the organic levels extend laterally, but split and recombine and usually terminate abruptly. The average organic level is only about three centimeters thick, too thin for a well-developed forest soil.
These fossil organic levels are nearly horizontal, but in growing forests (particularly those on the flanks of volcanoes) the ground surface may be at a severe angle. Even a horizontal forest covered horizontally by volcanic ash or mud would, in just a few years, develop stream drainage, but no such topographic relief has been reported. escorte matrimoniale www.farislands.com
Thin sections of these organic-rich zones show clear evidence of water action and none of active soils (Coffin, p. 143). While finer grains predominate, normal grading is clearly present in most, with coarser grains below, fining upward, and it includes inorganic volcanic ash in the sequence. Occasional reverse grading has also been found. Thin laminations are present, clear indication of deposition by moving fluids. filme cu escorte rationz.com
Finally, the “soil” layers possess no clay (Coffin, p. 145), the altered remnant of volcanic ash. Time is needed to weather the ash into clay, so the absence of clay implies the lack of much time having passed between layers.
Specific volcanic sources are hard to trace in this intensively active area, but Fritz (1985, p. 14) and others have speculated that two long chains of volcanoes were erupting all at the same general time, with a narrow valley between them. escorte torino www.mysecondopinion.com As the volcanoes erupted at intervals, mud flows may have inundated a specific area from any one of a number of specific vents. In between the individual eruptions, forests grew on the previous deposit. These debris flows (or lahars) transported some logs and other material, while burying others in growth location (Fritz, 1980). But as we have seen, this view does not address all the issues.
Dupa cum a subliniat Coffin (pp. escorte lujerului lekarczyk.de 146-148), paturile de breccia vulcanica sunt extrem de variabile si foarte discontinue. Se intercaleaza cu paturi de cenusa cu granulatie mai fina in toata zona. Paturile de toate tipurile sunt aproape orizontale si este dificil de prevazut curgerea noroiului pe distante lungi pe uscat, cu scufundari atat de scazute. Cu toate acestea, s-au observat depozite similare formand sub apa.
dendrocronologiei
Studiul inelelor copacului ofera informatii despre istoria unui copac. escorte moreni www.californiacapitalfunding.com Sezoanele umede, secetele, infestarea insectelor, inghetul si modele meteo neobisnuite pot fi distinse de inelele copacilor. Comparand modelele inelelor cu copacii cu intinderi de viata suprapuse, se poate construi uneori o cronologie a evenimentelor din trecut.
Much effort has gone into developing such a chronology for long-living trees whose remains are still in a woody condition. The bristlecone pine has been used in the southwestern United States, while the oak has been developed in the United Kingdom. These are further used to calibrate radiocarbon dating. escorte bucuresti sector 1 www.sayaloha.com
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Contrary to common belief, dendrochronology is not a simple exercise. Two trees, growing side by side at the same time, will not necessarily have identical tree-ring geometry. Rings from one side of a tree will not identically match those from the opposite side.
In order to correlate the rings, investigators look for a signature pattern, a unique series of thin and thick, wet and dry, etc., years involving a series of at least several rings. escorte de lux brasov cedarwoodassociates.net The specific thickness of an individual ring may not be important, but the thickness and characteristics relative to other rings form the basis for recognizing the signature. Theoretically, closely spaced trees growing at the same time, and enduring the same general conditions, should display similar patterns in their rings, in at least some cases.
At the Specimen Creek fossil forests, tree-ring patterns from several layers have displayed a recognizable signature (Arcs, 1991). This demonstrates that at the traditional interpretation of those trees and layers as consecutive forests and volcanic episodes does not seem to be supported by the data. The large tree stumps did not grow in place, as evidenced by the broken root systems, the lack of suitable soils, the diversity of plant species, and the lack of animal fossils. escorte sexy net www.vietnamconghoa.net The trees are oriented in a preferred direction, unlike modern stands of trees. Moving fluids must have been involved in the deposition of the geologic materials and the transportation of the trees from elsewhere. Mudflows of volcanic material must have come in pulses, the time between which was less than it takes for leaves to suffer decay. Water must also have been involved in producing the graded and laminated sediments and the orientation of trees, while the matching tree-ring signatures demand that at least some of the trees in different layers grew together.
Coffin (p. escorte buftea www.trangquynh.com 150) has proposed that “volcanic activity in the Yellowstone region occurred while the area was at least partly under water. Trees, some vertical, were carried along in mud and gravel, or floated in the water along with organic debris. As trees and vegetable matter became water-saturated, they settled down onto the breccia at the bottom. Within a relatively short time, another slide moved over and around the trees and organic debris. Before the appearance of each succeeding breccia flow, more trees and organic matter descended to the bottom or were spread about by the flows. escorte fetesti indy-tours.com Thus layer upon layer of trees and organic zones built up in a relatively short period of time.”
S-ar putea ca arborii mai mari, observati sa fi fost de ordinul a 1000 de ani, au trait in anii 1656 intre Creatie si Potop? Izgonite de apele potopului, ele pluteau prin potop, cu scoarta si ramurile fiind abrogate. Odata ce Potopul s-a incheiat, s-au asezat pe pamant unde au incoltit si au crescut crengile si semintele.
Dar anii care au urmat Potopului au fost imbogatiti de activitate vulcanica, iar suprafata solului a ramas saturata cu multa apa statatoare. Poate ca vulcanismul post-inundatie i-a mutat pe copacii morti si mai tineri mai in varsta in fluxuri de noroi asociate, cu unii dintre ei pastrand o pozitie verticala, asa cum s-a observat la Muntele Sf. escorte public forum.physiobase.com Helens.
Concluzie
Astfel, am vazut ca un argument clasic pentru erorile din Biblie este el insusi in eroare. Dovada, desi este greu de interpretat pe deplin, sustine istoria biblica. Aceasta zona a fost vizitata de o catastrofa hidraulica si vulcanica de proportii dramatice cu aceste straturi depuse fie in cursul anului greva, fie in anii urmatori.
Referinte
- Fritz, WJ, Roadside Geology of the Yellowstone Country (Mountain Press, 1985), 149 p.
- Sicrie, HA, Origin by Design (Review and Herald, 1983), 494 p.
- Arct, MJ, “Dendroecologia in padurile fosile din zona paraului Specimen, parcul national Yellowstone”, doctorat. disertatie, Universitatea Loma Linda, 1991; A se vedea, de asemenea, teza sa de MS “Dendoecology in Yellowstone Fossil Forests”, 1979.
- Fritz, W. J. , “Reinterpretation of the depositional environment of the Yellowstone ‘fossil forests,'” Geology (1980), vol. 8, pp. 309-313.
* Dr. John Morris is Vice President of the Institute for Creation Research, popular speaker on Bible/science topics, professor of geology, and author of many books.
