In „De ce femeile au un sex mai bun sub socialism”, Kristen R. Ghodsee sustine ca independenta economica pentru femei nu doar ajuta toata societatea, ci imbunatateste si relatiile heterosexuale.

Atata timp cat femeile sunt dependente economic de barbati, nu poate exista egalitate si relatiile heterosexuale vor avea de suferit.

Feministele s-au simtit deseori neglijate sau patronate de socialiste. O buna parte din scrierea si politica feminista din anii ’70 -’80, de exemplu, s-a ocupat de experienta femeilor de condescendenta din partea socialistilor, unii dintre ei vazand feminismul ca o forma de politica identitara care distrase de la problemele reale ale inegalitatii economice si de clasa din societati capitaliste.

Kristen R. Ghodsee, autoarea de ce femeile au sex mai bun sub socialism: si alte argumente pentru independenta economica , este de o generatie mai tanara; unul care vede feminismul ca fiind central in socialism. Aceasta carte, care a aparut dintr-o operatiune din New York Times din 2017 , care a devenit virala, incepe cu un studiu asupra statelor socialiste din Europa de Est si a tranzitiei lor la forme de capitalism. Ea prezinta un istoric in care planurile si politicile privind femeile din tari precum Uniunea Sovietica si Bulgaria au fost centrale pentru viziunile viitorului, pentru planurile pentru ocuparea deplina a fortei de munca si pentru o economie infloritoare. Asemenea politici nu au fost, ca si in Occident, raspunsuri platitoare la cererile femeilor.

Cu toate acestea, Ghodsee este clar: „Nu pledez pentru revenirea la vreo forma de socialism de stat din secolul XX”. Concentratia ei este pe ceea ce a fost propus si obtinut in societatile socialiste, in ciuda a tot ceea ce a mers prost (si cu siguranta are dreptate sa faca acest lucru), asupra politicilor emancipatoare care s-au „evaporat” sub presiunea foametei, a razboiului si a tiraniei si a esecului si asupra ce s-a intamplat in acele tari de la destramarea blocului sovietic in 1989. Uciderea acestei povesti este progresul lent si foarte diferit motivat nu numai in Statele Unite, ci si in Scandinavia, spre o egalitate mai mare intre barbati si femei – un progres care pare periculos. oprit in acest moment.

In ciuda evolutiilor lente in directia egalitatii de gen in Occident si a ceea ce Ghodsee considera inversari ale acestor politici in Est, viteza si surpriza evenimentelor din 1989 si inceputul anilor 1990 au facut-o optimista. Ea este de parere ca, de asemenea, ne putem considera surprinsi de schimbari pe care nu le putem prevedea destul de mult pe baza concentrarii actuale pe salariul egal si hartuirea sexuala si reducerile prea probabile ale securitatii sanatatii si disponibilitatea avorturilor.

Capitalismul este asumat, sugereaza Ghodsee, ca baza; ideile politice pot fi oferite doar ca modificari minore ale acelui status quo, mai degraba decat ca o viziune noua si diferita pentru societate. Socialismul a fost demonizat pana la punctul in care devine riscant chiar si sa ia in considerare exemple actuale sau anterioare ale acestuia. 

Apoi, atentia lui Ghodsee in a doua jumatate a cartii asupra sexului si relatiilor sexuale rezulta elegant din argumentul pe care l-a dezvoltat: ca o politica feminista este centrala pentru socialism, deoarece nu poate evita intemeierea ei in principii economice. Atata timp cat femeile sunt dependente economic de barbati, nu poate exista egalitate; sustine ea, fara o asemenea egalitate, relatiile heterosexuale vor avea de suferit, la fel si experienta sexului in sine.

Atata timp cat feminismul se bazeaza pe problemele plafoanelor din sticla si ale cotelor de angajare pentru femei educate, inegalitatile reale si devastatoare care exista intre barbati si femei nu se vor schimba. In schimb, trebuie sa vedem munca si participarea femeilor in economie si cultura – si cum se combina asta cu cresterea copiilor – ca probleme absolut centrale pentru o societate functionala.

Such change shouldn’t be demanded or conceded simply to make women happier; it should be a crucial part of a politics directed toward maximizing productive lives and potential for everybody. Ghodsee presents figures from a number of surveys to suggest that, in countries where women can and do earn as much as men and where the society supports women as workers as well as mothers, women enjoy better sex. She claims that the erosion of women’s economic potential since 1989 in some countries of the Eastern bloc has resulted in women reporting less sexual enjoyment and a deterioration in their sexual relations with men.

There can be no doubt that for a majority of people living in what were once socialist states (and are now struggling capitalist ones), life has become not easier, but harder, as the perks of capitalism don’t outweigh its drawbacks. For many it is hard to see the presence of 42 kinds of shampoo in a supermarket as just compensation for those years in the Soviet system when they had to queue up for toilet paper. As Ghodsee points out, the inhabitants of those socialist states were told lies about their own countries, but the truth about ours.

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We are so used to the social constraints on sexual relations becoming part of the sexual experience itself—for some, after all, taboos and disapproval may be vital to their pleasures and satisfactions—that it is hard to eliminate all skepticism about the book title’s apparent claim.

Ghodsee, however, invokes a universal system of “sexual economics,” a theory developed by Roy Baumeister and Kathleen Vohs in 2004. This “assumes an underlying capitalist economy in which women have an asset (sex) they can choose to sell or give away either as sex workers or in less overt, but no less transactional ways, as sugar babies, girl-friends, or wives” that is hard to dismantle or neutralize. And she is surely right to claim that we “would also assume that women living in a society that provides its citizens with subsidized access to basic needs such as food, shelter, healthcare and education would have few incentives to horde their sex in order to keep its price high.”

Jane Miller

Jane Miller lives in London, and is the author, most recently, of In My Own Time: Thoughts and Afterthoughts (2016), a collection of her In These Times columns and interviews.

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